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Contents
List of Tables
Title and Copyright Information
Preface
Audience
Documentation Accessibility
Related Documentation
Conventions
Changes in This Release for Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide
Changes in Oracle Net Services 12
c
Release 2 (12.2)
New Features
Part I Understanding Oracle Net Services
1
Introducing Oracle Net Services
1.1
About Oracle Net Services
1.1.1
Understanding Connectivity
1.1.1.1
About Client/Server Application Connections
1.1.1.1.1
Java Client Application Connections
1.1.1.2
About Web Client Application Connections
1.1.1.2.1
Web Client Connections Through Java Application Web Server
1.1.1.2.2
Web Client Connections Without an Application Web Server
1.1.2
Understanding Manageability
1.1.2.1
About Location Transparency
1.1.2.2
About Centralized Configuration and Management
1.1.2.3
About Quick Installation and Configuration
1.1.3
Understanding Shared Server Architecture
1.1.4
Understanding Performance
1.1.4.1
Listener Queue Size
1.1.4.2
Session Data Unit Size for Data Transfer Optimization
1.1.4.3
Persistent Buffer Flushing for TCP/IP
1.1.4.4
Sockets Direct Protocol
1.1.4.5
Database Availability
1.1.5
Understanding Network Security
1.1.5.1
Firewall Access Control
1.2
Understanding Database Instances
1.3
Components of Oracle Net Services
1.3.1
About Oracle Net
1.3.1.1
Oracle Net Foundation Layer
1.3.1.2
Oracle Protocol Support
1.3.2
About Oracle Net Listener
1.3.3
About Oracle Connection Manager
1.3.4
About Networking Tools
1.3.5
About Oracle Advanced Security
2
Identifying and Accessing the Database
2.1
Understanding Database Instances
2.2
Understanding Database Services
2.3
Connecting to a Database Service
2.3.1
About Connect Descriptors
2.3.1.1
About IPv6 Addresses in Connect Descriptors
2.3.2
About the Protocol Address
2.3.3
About Service Registration
2.3.3.1
Specifying an Instance Name
2.3.3.2
Specifying a Service Handler
2.4
Understanding Service Handlers
2.4.1
About Dispatchers
2.4.2
About Dedicated Server Processes
2.4.3
About Database Resident Connection Pooling
2.5
Understanding Naming Methods
2.5.1
Choosing a Naming Method
2.5.2
Establishing a Client Session Using a Naming Method
2.5.3
Entering a Connect String
2.5.3.1
Connect Identifier and Connect Descriptor Syntax Characteristics
2.6
Enhancing Service Accessibility Using Multiple Listeners
2.6.1
About Connect-Time Failover
2.6.2
About Transparent Application Failover
2.6.3
About Client Load Balancing
2.6.4
About Connection Load Balancing
3
Managing Network Address Information
3.1
Using Localized Management
3.2
Using a Directory Server for Centralized Management
3.2.1
Understanding the Directory Information Tree
3.2.1.1
Fully-Qualified Names for Domain Component Namespaces
3.2.1.2
Fully-Qualified Names for X.500 Namespaces
3.2.1.3
Using the Relative Name of an Entry
3.2.1.4
Using the Fully-Qualified Name of an Entry
3.2.2
Understanding Oracle Context
3.2.3
Understanding Net Service Alias Entries
3.2.4
Who Can Add or Modify Entries in the Directory Server
3.2.5
Client Connections Using Directory Naming
3.2.6
Considerations When Using Directory Servers
3.2.6.1
Performance Considerations
3.2.6.2
Security Considerations
3.2.6.2.1
Authentication Methods
3.2.6.2.2
Access Control Lists
3.2.6.3
Object Classes
3.2.7
Limitations of Directory Naming Support with Microsoft Active Directory
4
Understanding the Communication Layers
4.1
Understanding Oracle Net Stack Communication for Client/Server Applications
4.1.1
About the Client Communication Stack
4.1.1.1
Client Application Layer
4.1.1.2
Presentation Layer
4.1.1.3
Oracle Net Foundation Layer
4.1.1.4
Oracle Protocol Support Layer
4.1.2
About the Server Communication Stack
4.2
Using Oracle Net Stack Communication for Java Applications
4.3
Using Oracle Net Stack Communication for Web Clients
4.4
Understanding Oracle Protocol Support Layer
4.4.1
About TCP/IP Protocol
4.4.1.1
IPv6 Address Notation
4.4.1.1.1
CIDR Notation
4.4.1.1.2
IPv6 Addresses in URLs
4.4.1.1.3
IPv4-Mapped Addresses
4.4.1.2
IPv6 Interface and Address Configurations
4.4.1.3
IPv6 Network Connectivity
4.4.1.4
IPv6 Support in Oracle Database 12
c
4.4.2
About TCP/IP with SSL Protocol
4.4.3
About Named Pipes Protocol
4.4.4
About Sockets Direct Protocol (SDP)
4.4.5
About Exadirect Protocol
5
Understanding Oracle Net Architecture
5.1
About Service Registration
5.2
About the Listener and Connection Requests
5.3
About Oracle Restart
5.4
About Blocked Connection Requests
5.5
Understanding Database Server Process Architecture
5.5.1
About Shared Server Processes
5.5.2
About Dedicated Server Processes
5.6
Understanding Oracle Connection Manager Architecture
5.7
Complete Architecture
Part II Configuration and Administration of Oracle Net Services
6
Quick Start to Oracle Net Services
6.1
Prerequisites for Establishing Connectivity
6.2
Confirming Network Availability
6.3
Starting Oracle Net Listener and the Oracle Database Server
6.4
Starting Oracle Connection Manager
6.5
Connecting to the Database
6.6
Using Easy Connect to Connect to a Database
7
Managing Oracle Net Services
7.1
Using the User Interface Tools
7.1.1
Using Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control to Configure Oracle Net Services
7.1.1.1
Accessing the Net Services Administration Page
7.1.2
Using Oracle Net Manager to Configure Oracle Net Services
7.1.2.1
Starting Oracle Net Manager
7.1.2.2
Navigating Oracle Net Manager
7.1.2.3
Using Oracle Net Manager Wizards
7.1.2.3.1
Using the Net Service Name Wizard
7.1.2.3.2
Using the Directory Server Migration Wizard
7.1.3
Deciding When to Use Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control and Oracle Net Manager
7.1.4
Using Oracle Net Configuration Assistant to Configure Network Components
7.2
About the OracleNetAdmins Group
7.2.1
Adding Users To the OracleNetAdmins Group
7.2.2
Removing Users From the OracleNetAdmins Group
7.2.3
Changing Ownership of the OracleNetAdmins Group
7.3
Using Listener Control Utility to Administer the Listener
7.4
Performing Common Network Tasks
8
Configuring Naming Methods
8.1
Understanding the Easy Connect Naming Method
8.1.1
Examples of Easy Connect Naming Method
8.1.2
Configuring Easy Connect Naming on the Client
8.1.3
Configuring Easy Connect Naming to Use a DNS Alias
8.2
Configuring the Local Naming Method
8.2.1
Configuring the tnsnames.ora File During Installation
8.2.2
Configuring the tnsnames.ora File After Installation
8.3
Configuring the Directory Naming Method
8.4
Creating Multiple Default Contexts in a Directory Naming Server
8.5
Exporting Local Naming Entries to a Directory Naming Server
8.6
Exporting Directory Naming Entries to a tnsnames.ora File
8.7
Configuring External Naming Methods
9
Configuring and Administering Oracle Net Listener
9.1
Overview of Oracle Net Listener
9.2
Configuring Dynamic Service Registration
9.2.1
Setting Initialization Parameters for Service Registration
9.2.2
Registering Information with a Local Listener
9.2.3
Registering Information with a Remote Listener
9.2.4
Registering Information with All Listeners in a Network
9.2.5
Configuring a Naming Method
9.3
Configuring Oracle Net Listener During Installation
9.4
Customizing Oracle Net Listener Configuration
9.4.1
Configuring Listening Protocol Addresses
9.4.1.1
Configuring Listening Protocol Addresses Using Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control
9.4.1.2
Configuring Listening Protocol Addresses Using Oracle Net Manager
9.4.2
Handling Large Volumes of Concurrent Connection Requests
9.4.3
Managing Oracle Net Listener Security
9.4.3.1
Specifying Valid Nodes and Subnets
9.5
Administering the Listener
9.5.1
Starting and Stopping a Listener
9.5.1.1
Starting or Stopping a Listener Using the Listener Control Utility
9.5.1.2
Starting or Stopping a Listener Using Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control
9.5.2
Managing a Listener in an Oracle Restart Configuration
9.5.2.1
Viewing Configured Listeners Using the SRVCTL Utility
9.5.2.2
Adding or Removing a Listener Using the SRVCTL Utility
9.5.2.3
Starting or Stopping a Listener Using the SRVCTL Utility
9.5.3
Determining the Current Status of a Listener
9.5.3.1
Showing Status Using Listener Control
9.5.3.2
Showing Status Using Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control
9.5.4
Monitoring Services of a Listener
9.5.5
Monitoring Listener Log Files
9.6
Understanding Listener Redirects
10
Configuring Oracle Connection Manager
10.1
About the cman.ora File
10.2
Configuring Oracle Connection Manager
10.2.1
Configuring the cman.ora file for the Oracle Connection Manager Host
10.2.1.1
Enabling Access Control
10.2.2
Configuring Clients for Oracle Connection Manager
10.2.3
Configuring the Oracle Database Server for Oracle Connection Manager
10.2.3.1
Configuring Service Registration for Use with Oracle Connection Manager
10.2.3.2
Enabling Session Multiplexing for Oracle Connection Manager
10.3
Using Oracle Connection Manager as a Bridge for IPv4 and IPv6
10.4
Using the Oracle Connection Manager Control Utility to Administer Oracle Connection Manager
10.5
Oracle Connection Manager Enhancements
11
Configuring a Shared Server Architecture
11.1
About Dispatchers
11.1.1
Grouping Services by Dispatcher
11.1.2
Monitoring Dispatchers
11.2
Enabling Session Multiplexing
11.3
Configuring Clients for Environments with Both Shared and Dedicated Servers
12
Configuring Profiles
12.1
Overview of Profile Configuration
12.2
Configuring the Profile During Installation
12.3
Understanding Client Attributes for Names Resolution
12.3.1
About the Default Domain for Clients
12.3.1.1
Specifying a Default Domain
12.3.2
Prioritizing Naming Methods
12.3.3
Routing Connection Requests to a Process
12.4
Settings for Database Access Control
12.4.1
Configuring Database Access Control
12.5
About Advanced Profile Information
12.5.1
Setting the Advanced Features in the sqlnet.ora File Using Oracle Net Services
12.6
Configuring External Naming Methods
12.7
Configuring Oracle Network Security
13
Enabling Advanced Features of Oracle Net Services
13.1
Configuring Advanced Network Address and Connect Data Information
13.1.1
Creating a List of Listener Protocol Addresses
13.1.2
About the Address List Parameters
13.1.2.1
Configuring Address List Parameters
13.1.3
About the Advanced Connect Data Parameters
13.2
Understanding Connection Load Balancing
13.2.1
Example of Connection Load Balancing for Shared Server Configuration
13.2.2
Example of Connection Load Balancing for Dedicated Server Configuration
13.3
Configuring Transparent Application Failover
13.3.1
About Transparent Application Failover
13.3.2
What Transparent Application Failover Restores
13.3.3
About the FAILOVER_MODE Parameters
13.3.4
Implementing Transparent Application Failover
13.3.4.1
TAF with Connect-Time Failover and Client Load Balancing
13.3.4.2
TAF Retrying a Connection
13.3.4.3
TAF Pre-establishing a Connection
13.3.5
Verifying Transparent Application Failover
13.4
Specifying the Instance Role for Primary and Secondary Instance Configurations
13.5
Understanding Static Service Registration
13.5.1
Configuring Static Registration for the Listener
13.6
Configuring Connections to Third-Party Database Services
13.6.1
Default Configuration for External Procedures
13.6.1.1
Configuring Oracle Net Services for External Procedures
13.6.1.1.1
Modifying the Default Configuration for External Procedures
13.6.1.1.2
Creating a New Listener to Run External Procedures
13.6.2
About Oracle Net Services for Oracle Heterogeneous Services
13.6.2.1
Configuring Oracle Database to Connect to Agents
13.6.3
Configuring Oracle Net Services for an Oracle Rdb Database
14
Optimizing Performance
14.1
Understanding the Benefits of Network Data Compression
14.2
Configuring Session Data Unit
14.2.1
Setting the SDU Size for the Database
14.2.2
Setting the SDU Size for the Client
14.3
Determining the Bandwidth-Delay Product
14.4
Configuring I/O Buffer Space
14.4.1
Configuring I/O Buffer Size on the Server
14.4.1.1
Setting the Buffer Size Parameter for Shared Server Processes
14.4.2
Configuring I/O Buffer Space on the Client
14.5
Configuring SDP Support for InfiniBand Connections
14.5.1
Prerequisites for Using SDP
14.5.2
Configuring SDP on the Server
14.5.3
Configuring SDP on the Client
14.6
Configuring Exadirect Support for InfiniBand Connections
14.6.1
Prerequisites for Using Exadirect
14.6.2
Configuring Exadirect on the Server
14.6.3
Configuring Exadirect on the Client
14.7
Limiting Resource Consumption by Unauthorized Users
14.8
About Data-Dependent Routing
14.8.1
Configuring Data-Dependent Routing for Client-Server Connections
Part III Testing and Troubleshooting Oracle Net Services
15
Testing Connections
15.1
Testing the Network
15.2
Using the TNSPING Utility to Test Connectivity from the Client
15.3
Using the TRCROUTE Utility to Test Connectivity from the Client
16
Troubleshooting Oracle Net Services
16.1
Understanding Automatic Diagnostic Repository
16.1.1
ADRCI: ADR Command Interpreter
16.2
Diagnosing Oracle Net Services
16.2.1
Diagnosing Server Problems
16.2.2
Diagnosing Client Problems
16.3
Resolving the Most Common Error Messages for Oracle Net Services
16.3.1
ORA-03113: End-of-file on Communication Channel
16.3.2
ORA-12154: Could Not Resolve the Connect Identifier Specified
16.3.2.1
ORA-12154 Error When Using the Local Naming Method
16.3.2.2
ORA-12154 Error When Using the Directory Naming Method
16.3.2.3
ORA-12154 Error When Using the Easy Connect Naming Method
16.3.2.4
ORA-12154 Error When Using the External Naming Method
16.3.3
ORA-12170: Connect Timeout Occurred
16.3.4
TNS-12500 or ORA-12500: Listener Failed to Start a Dedicated Server Process
16.3.5
ORA-12514: Listener Does Not Currently Know of Service Requested in Connect Descriptor
16.3.6
ORA-12520: Listener Could Not Find Available Handler for Requested Type of Server
16.3.7
ORA-12521: Listener Does Not Currently Know of Instance Requested in Connect Descriptor
16.3.8
ORA-12525: Listener Has Not Received Client's Request in Time Allowed
16.3.9
ORA-12533: Illegal Address Parameters
16.3.10
TNS-12540 or ORA-12540: TNS:Internal Limit Restriction Exceeded and TNS-00510: Internal Limit Restriction Exceeded
16.3.11
TNS-12541 or ORA-12541: TNS:No Listener
16.3.12
TNS-12549 or ORA-12549: TNS:Operating System Resource Quota Exceeded and TNS-00519: Operating System Resource Quota Exceeded
16.3.13
TNS-12560 or ORA-12560: TNS:Protocol Adapter Error Occurred
16.3.14
Directory Naming Errors
16.4
Troubleshooting Suggestions for Oracle Net Services
16.4.1
Questions to Consider When Troubleshooting Oracle Net Services
16.5
Example of Troubleshooting a TNS-12154 Error
16.6
Logging Error Information for Oracle Net Services
16.6.1
Oracle Net Error Stacks
16.6.1.1
Understanding Error Stack Messages
16.6.2
Oracle Net Services Log File Names
16.6.3
About the Logging Parameters
16.6.3.1
sqlnet.ora Log Parameters
16.6.3.2
listener.ora Log Parameters
16.6.3.3
cman.ora Log Parameters
16.6.4
Setting Logging Parameters in Configuration Files
16.6.4.1
Setting Parameters for the sqlnet.ora File Using Oracle Net Manager
16.6.4.2
Setting Parameters for the listener.ora File Using Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control
16.6.4.3
Setting Parameters for the listener.ora File Using Oracle Net Manager
16.6.5
Setting Logging During Control Utilities Runtime
16.6.6
Using Log Files
16.6.7
Analyzing Listener Log Files
16.6.7.1
Listener Log Audit Trail Information
16.6.7.1.1
Format of the Listener Log Audit Trail
16.6.7.2
Listener Service Registration Event Information
16.6.7.2.1
Format of the Listener Service Registration Information
16.6.7.3
Listener Direct Hand-Off Information
16.6.7.4
Listener Subscription for ONS Node Down Event Information
16.6.7.5
Listener Oracle Clusterware Notification Information
16.6.8
Analyzing Oracle Connection Manager Logs
16.7
Tracing Error Information for Oracle Net Services
16.7.1
Understanding Oracle Net Services Trace File Names
16.7.2
Setting Tracing Parameters
16.7.2.1
cman.ora Trace Parameters
16.7.2.2
listener.ora Trace Parameters
16.7.2.3
sqlnet.ora Trace Parameters
16.7.2.4
Setting Tracing Parameters in Configuration Files
16.7.2.4.1
Setting Tracing Parameters for sqlnet.ora File Using Oracle Net Manager
16.7.2.4.2
Setting Tracing Parameters for the Listener Using Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control
16.7.2.4.3
Setting Tracing Parameters for the Listener Using Oracle Net Manager
16.7.3
Setting Tracing During Control Utilities Runtime
16.7.4
Evaluating Oracle Net Services Trace Files
16.7.4.1
Flow of Data Packets Between Network Nodes
16.7.4.2
Oracle Net Data Packet Formats
16.7.4.3
Pertinent Oracle Net Trace Error Output
16.7.5
Using the Trace Assistant to Examine Trace Files
16.7.5.1
Trace Assistant Syntax
16.7.5.2
Packet Examples
16.7.5.3
Two-Task Common (TTC) Packet Examples
16.7.5.4
Connection Example
16.7.5.5
Statistics Example
16.8
Contacting Oracle Support Services
Glossary
Index
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