5 Optimizing Queries with In-Memory Expressions

In the context of the IM column store, an expression is a combination of one or more values, operators, and SQL or PL/SQL functions (DETERMINISTIC only) that resolve to a value.

The Expression Statistics Store (ESS) automatically tracks the results of frequently evaluated (“hot”) expressions. You can use the DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN package to capture hot expressions and populate them as hidden virtual columns, or drop some or all of them.

This section contains the following topics:

Topics:

  • About IM Expressions
    By default, the DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN.IME_CAPTURE_EXPRESSIONS procedure identifies and populates “hot” expressions, called In-Memory Expressions (IM expressions).
  • Configuring IM Expression Usage
    Optionally, use INMEMORY_EXPRESSIONS_USAGE to choose which types of IM expressions are eligible for population, or to disable population of all IM expressions.
  • Capturing and Populating IM Expressions
    The IME_CAPTURE_EXPRESSIONS procedure captures and populates the 20 most frequently accessed (“hottest”) expressions in the database in the expression capture window. The IME_POPULATE_EXPRESSIONS procedure forces the population of expressions captured in the latest invocation of DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN.IME_CAPTURE_EXPRESSIONS.
  • Dropping IM Expressions
    The DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN.IME_DROP_ALL_EXPRESSIONS procedure drops all SYS_IME expression virtual columns in the database. The DBMS_INMEMORY.IME_DROP_EXPRESSIONS procedure drops a specified set of SYS_IME virtual columns from a table.

About IM Expressions

By default, the DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN.IME_CAPTURE_EXPRESSIONS procedure identifies and populates “hot” expressions, called In-Memory Expressions (IM expressions).

An IM expression is materialized as a hidden virtual column, but is accessed in the same way as a non-virtual column. To store the materialized expressions, the IM column store uses special compression formats such as fixed-width vectors and dictionary encoding with fixed-width codes.

Oracle Database automatically identifies the expressions that are candidates for population in the IM column store. In DBA_IM_EXPRESSIONS.COLUMN_NAME, IM expression columns have the prefix SYS_IME. You cannot create SYS_IME columns directly. For example, consider the following query, which specifies two expressions, aliased weekly_sal and ann_comp:

SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary, commission_pct,
       ROUND(salary*12/52,2) as "weekly_sal",
       12*(salary*NVL(commission_pct,0)+salary) as "ann_comp"
FROM   employees
ORDER BY ann_comp;

The arithmetical expressions ROUND(salary*12/52,2) and 12*(salary*NVL(commission_pct,0)+salary) are computationally intensive and frequently accessed, which makes them candidates for hidden IM expression columns.

The DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN package is the primary interface for managing IM expressions:

  • To induce the database to identify IM expressions and add them to their respective tables during the next repopulation, use IME_CAPTURE_EXPRESSIONS.

  • To force immediate population of IM expressions, use IME_POPULATE_EXPRESSIONS.

  • To drop SYS_IME columns, use DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN.IME_DROP_ALL_EXPRESSIONS or DBMS_INMEMORY.IME_DROP_EXPRESSIONS.

This section contains the following topics:

Topics:

  • Purpose of IM Expressions
    IM expressions speed queries of large data sets by precomputing computationally intensive expressions. IM expressions especially benefit frequently executed table joins, projections, and predicate evaluations.
  • How IM Expressions Work
    To identify expressions as candidates for IM expressions, the database queries the ESS. The optimizer uses the ESS to maintain statistics about expression evaluation for a particular table.
  • User Interfaces for IM Expressions
    The DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN package, DBMS_INMEMORY package, and INMEMORY_EXPRESSIONS_USAGE initialization parameter control the behavior of IM expressions.
  • Basic Tasks for IM Expressions
    The default setting of INMEMORY_EXPRESSIONS_USAGE enables the database to use both dynamic and static IM expressions. You must use DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN to populate the expressions in the IM column store.

See Also:

Purpose of IM Expressions

IM expressions speed queries of large data sets by precomputing computationally intensive expressions. IM expressions especially benefit frequently executed table joins, projections, and predicate evaluations.

The primary advantages of IM expressions are as follows:

  • A query does not need to recalculate the expressions every time. If the IM column store does not populate the expression results, then the database must compute them for every row, which can be resource intensive. The database incurs the CPU overhead during the population.

  • The materialization of IM expressions enables the database to take advantage of performance-enhancing features such as SIMD vector processing and IMCU pruning.

  • The database, rather than the user, tracks which expressions are most active.

IM expressions and materialized views address the same problem: how to avoid repeatedly evaluating expressions. However, IM expressions have advantages over materialized views:

  • IM expressions can capture data that is not persistently stored.

    For example, the IM column store can automatically cache internal computations based on expressions in the query.

  • To be used effectively, a materialized view must have all columns listed in the query, or the query must join the view and the base tables. In contrast, any query containing an IM expression can benefit.

  • The database identifies and creates IM expressions automatically, unlike materialized views, which are user-created objects.

See Also:

How IM Expressions Work

To identify expressions as candidates for IM expressions, the database queries the ESS. The optimizer uses the ESS to maintain statistics about expression evaluation for a particular table.

This section contains the following topics:

Topics:

  • IM Expressions Infrastructure
    The IM expressions infrastructure is responsible for computing and populating the results of IM expressions, IM virtual columns, and any other useful internal computations in the IM column store. These optimizations primarily benefit analytic queries.
  • Capture of IM Expressions
    Whenever you invoke the IME_CAPTURE_EXPRESSIONS procedure, the database queries the ESS, and identifies the 20 most frequently accessed (“hottest”) expressions in the specified time range.
  • How the ESS Works
    The ESS is a repository maintained by the optimizer to store statistics about expression evaluation.
  • How the Database Populates IM Expressions
    Under the direction of In-Memory Coordinator Process (IMCO), Space Management Worker Processes (Wnnn) load IM expressions into IMEUs automatically.
  • How IMEUs Relate to IMCUs
    For any row, the physical columns reside in the IMCU, and the virtual columns reside in an associated IMEU. The IMEU is read-only and columnar, just like the IMCU.

IM Expressions Infrastructure

The IM expressions infrastructure is responsible for computing and populating the results of IM expressions, IM virtual columns, and any other useful internal computations in the IM column store. These optimizations primarily benefit analytic queries.

Populated results can include function evaluations on columns used in project, scan, or join expressions. The IM column store can automatically cache internal computations based on the expressions evaluated by the SQL runtime engine during query evaluation.

Virtual Columns

Besides populating an IM expression, the IM column store can populate an In-Memory virtual column. The underlying mechanism is the same: an IM expression is a virtual column. However, IM virtual columns are user-created and exposed, whereas IM expressions are database-created and hidden.

See Also:

"Enabling and Disabling Columns for In-Memory Tables"

Static Expressions: Binary JSON Columns

The IM expressions infrastructure supports both dynamic expressions (IM expressions and virtual columns) and static expressions. Starting in Oracle Database 12c Release 2 (12.2), the IM column store supports a binary JSON format that performs better than row-oriented JSON text storage. The database uses the IM expression infrastructure to load an efficient binary representation of JSON text columns as virtual columns. Queries access the actual JSON data, but use optimized virtual columns to speed access.

Oracle Database supports multiple JSON functions: JSON_TABLE, JSON_VALUE, and JSON_EXISTS. The INMEMORY_EXPRESSIONS_USAGE initialization parameter controls the behavior of both dynamic expressions and static expressions.

See Also:

Capture of IM Expressions

Whenever you invoke the IME_CAPTURE_EXPRESSIONS procedure, the database queries the ESS, and identifies the 20 most frequently accessed (“hottest”) expressions in the specified time range.

The time range is either the past 24 hours, or since database creation. The database only considers expressions on tables that are at least partially populated in the IM column store.

The database adds the 20 hottest expressions to their respective tables as hidden SYS_IME virtual columns and applies the default INMEMORY column compression clause. If any SYS_IME columns that were added during a previous invocation are no longer in the latest expression list, then the database changes their attribute to NO INMEMORY.

Figure 5-1 Capturing SYS_IME Columns

Description of Figure 5-1 follows
Description of "Figure 5-1 Capturing SYS_IME Columns"

The maximum number of SYS_IME columns for a table is 50, regardless of whether the attribute is INMEMORY. After a table reaches the 50-expression limit, the database does not add new SYS_IME columns. To permit new expressions, you must drop SYS_IME columns with the DBMS_INMEMORY.IME_DROP_EXPRESSIONS or DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN.IME_DROP_ALL_EXPRESSIONS procedures.

Both SYS_IME virtual columns and user-defined virtual columns count toward the 1000-column limit for a table. For example, if a table contains 980 non-virtual (on-disk) columns, then you can add only 20 virtual columns.

See Also:

Oracle Database PL/SQL Packages and Types Reference to learn more about DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN

How the ESS Works

The ESS is a repository maintained by the optimizer to store statistics about expression evaluation.

For each table, the ESS maintains expression statistics such as frequency of execution and cost of evaluation. When evaluating predicates, Oracle Database tracks and provides run-time feedback on evaluation counts and the dynamic costs of expressions. Based on the ESS statistics, the database may decide that queries would perform better if a specific expression were an IM expression.

Note:

Expressions cached in the ESS for a specific table only involve columns of this table. This rule is especially important when Oracle Database identifies deterministic PL/SQL functions as candidates for IM expressions.

Figure 5-2 ESS and IM Expressions

In this graphic, the ESS has determined two commonly used expressions on the employees table: ROUND(salary*12/52,2) and 12*(salary*NVL(commission_pct,0)+salary). When the database populates employees in the IM column store, two IMCUs store the columnar data. Each IMCU is associated with its only IMEU, which contains the derived values for the two commonly used expressions for the rows in that IMCU.

Description of Figure 5-2 follows
Description of "Figure 5-2 ESS and IM Expressions"

Not every expression is a candidate for an IM expression. The database only considers expressions that will be accessed frequently. Because IM expressions are implemented as hidden virtual columns, they must also meet the restrictions for virtual columns.

Although the IM column store is a client of the ESS, the ESS is independent of Database In-Memory features. Other clients can also use ESS statistics, including the optimizer itself.

See Also:

How the Database Populates IM Expressions

Under the direction of In-Memory Coordinator Process (IMCO), Space Management Worker Processes (Wnnn) load IM expressions into IMEUs automatically.

The database augments every In-Memory Compression Unit (IMCU) population or repopulation task with information about which virtual columns, either user-defined or IM expressions, to populate. The decision depends on the settings of the INMEMORY_EXPRESSION_USAGE and INMEMORY_VIRTUAL_COLUMNS initialization parameters.

Note:

The DBMS_INMEMORY.IME_CAPTURE_EXPRESSIONS procedure adds automatically detected expressions as hidden virtual columns.

The Wnnn processes create the IMCUs. To create the IMEUs, the processes perform the following additional steps:

  1. Create the expression values

  2. Convert the values into columnar format, and compress them into In-Memory Expression Units (IMEUs)

  3. Link each IMEU to its associated IMCU

Note:

As the number of expressions to store in IMEUs goes up, the worker processes may consume slightly more CPU to compute the expression values. This overhead may increase population time.

See Also:

How IMEUs Relate to IMCUs

For any row, the physical columns reside in the IMCU, and the virtual columns reside in an associated IMEU. The IMEU is read-only and columnar, just like the IMCU.

Because IMEUs are logical extensions of IMCUs created for a particular INMEMORY segment, by default they inherit the INMEMORY clause, and Oracle Real Applications Cluster (Oracle RAC) properties such as DISTRIBUTE and DUPLICATE. An IMEU is associated with one and only one IMCU. However, one IMCU may have multiple IMEUs. The database manages IMEUs as separate structures, making them easier to add and drop.

Note:

The IMEUs also contain user-created IM virtual columns.

If the source data changes, then the database changes the derived data in the IM expression during repopulation. For example, if a transaction updates 100 salary values in a table, then the Space Management Worker Processes (Wnnn) automatically update all IM expression values that are derived from these 100 changed values. The database repopulates an IMCU and its associated IMEUs together rather than first repopulating all IMCUs and then repopulating all IMEUs. IMCUs remain available for queries during IMCU repopulation.

User Interfaces for IM Expressions

The DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN package, DBMS_INMEMORY package, and INMEMORY_EXPRESSIONS_USAGE initialization parameter control the behavior of IM expressions.

This section contains the following topics:

Topics:

  • INMEMORY_EXPRESSIONS_USAGE
    The INMEMORY_EXPRESSIONS_USAGE initialization parameter determines which type of IM expression is populated. The INMEMORY_VIRTUAL_COLUMNS initialization parameter controls the population of normal (non-hidden) virtual columns.
  • DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN and DBMS_INMEMORY
    To manage IM expressions, use the DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN and DBMS_INMEMORY packages.

INMEMORY_EXPRESSIONS_USAGE

The INMEMORY_EXPRESSIONS_USAGE initialization parameter determines which type of IM expression is populated. The INMEMORY_VIRTUAL_COLUMNS initialization parameter controls the population of normal (non-hidden) virtual columns.

When the IM column store is enabled (INMEMORY_SIZE is nonzero), INMEMORY_EXPRESSIONS_USAGE controls the type of IM expression that the database populates. The INMEMORY_EXPRESSIONS_USAGE initialization parameter has the following options:

  • ENABLE

    The database populates both static and dynamic IM expressions into the IM column store. Setting this value increases the In-Memory footprint for some tables. This is the default.

  • STATIC_ONLY

    A static configuration enables the IM column store to cache OSON (binary JSON) columns, which are marked with an IS_JSON check constraint. Internally, an OSON column is a hidden virtual column named SYS_IME_OSON.

  • DYNAMIC_ONLY

    The database only populates frequently used or “hot” expressions that have been added to the table as SYS_IME hidden virtual columns. Setting this value increases the In-Memory footprint for some tables.

  • DISABLE

    The database does not populate any IM expressions, whether static or dynamic, into the IM column store.

Note:

IM expressions do not support NLS-dependent data types.

Changing the value of INMEMORY_EXPRESSIONS_USAGE does not have an immediate effect on the IM expressions currently populated in the IM column store. For example, if you change INMEMORY_EXPRESSIONS_USAGE from DYNAMIC_ONLY to DISABLE, then the database does not immediately remove the stored IM expressions. Rather, the next repopulation excludes the disabled IM expressions, which effectively removes them.

See Also:

DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN and DBMS_INMEMORY

To manage IM expressions, use the DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN and DBMS_INMEMORY packages.

PL/SQL Procedures for Managing IM Expressions

Package Procedure Description

DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN

IME_CAPTURE_EXPRESSIONS

This procedure captures and populates the 20 most frequently accessed (“hottest”) expressions in the database in the specified time range.

DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN

IME_DROP_ALL_EXPRESSIONS

This procedure drops all SYS_IME virtual columns in the database.

DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN

IME_POPULATE_EXPRESSIONS

This procedure forces the population of IM expressions captured in the latest invocation of the IME_CAPTURE_EXPRESSIONS procedure.

DBMS_INMEMORY

IME_DROP_EXPRESSIONS

This procedure drops a specified set of SYS_IME virtual columns from a table.

See Also:

Oracle Database PL/SQL Packages and Types Reference to learn more about DBMS_INMEMORY and DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN

Basic Tasks for IM Expressions

The default setting of INMEMORY_EXPRESSIONS_USAGE enables the database to use both dynamic and static IM expressions. You must use DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN to populate the expressions in the IM column store.

Typically, you perform IM expression tasks in the following sequence:

  1. Optionally, change the type of IM expression that the database can use.

    See "Configuring IM Expression Usage".

  2. Capture and populate IM expressions.

    See "Capturing and Populating IM Expressions".

  3. Optionally, drop some or all IM expressions.

    See "Dropping IM Expressions".

Configuring IM Expression Usage

Optionally, use INMEMORY_EXPRESSIONS_USAGE to choose which types of IM expressions are eligible for population, or to disable population of all IM expressions.

Prerequisites

To enable the database to use IM expressions, the following conditions must be true:

  • The INMEMORY_SIZE initialization parameter is set to a non-zero value.

  • The value for the initialization parameter COMPATIBLE is set to 12.2.0 or higher.

Note:

In an Oracle Real Applications Cluster (RAC) database, the INMEMORY_EXPRESSIONS_USAGE initialization parameter does not require the same value on every database instance. Each IMCU independently lists virtual columns. Each IMCU could materialize different expressions based on the initialization parameter value and the virtual columns that existed when the IMCU was populated or repopulated.

To configure IM expression usage:

  1. Log in to the database as a user with the appropriate privileges.

  2. To configure IM expression usage, use an ALTER SYSTEM statement to set INMEMORY_EXPRESSIONS_USAGE to any of the following values:

    • ENABLE (default) — Enable dynamic and static IM expressions

    • STATIC_ONLY — Enable only static IM expressions

    • DYNAMIC_ONLY — Enable only dynamic IM expressions

    • DISABLE — Disable all IM expressions

Example 5-1 Disabling IM Expressions

The following statement disables storage of IM expressions in the IM column store:

ALTER SYSTEM SET INMEMORY_EXPRESSIONS_USAGE='DISABLE';

See Also:

Oracle Database Reference to learn more about INMEMORY_EXPRESSIONS_USAGE

Capturing and Populating IM Expressions

The IME_CAPTURE_EXPRESSIONS procedure captures and populates the 20 most frequently accessed (“hottest”) expressions in the database in the expression capture window. The IME_POPULATE_EXPRESSIONS procedure forces the population of expressions captured in the latest invocation of DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN.IME_CAPTURE_EXPRESSIONS.

Whenever you invoke the IME_CAPTURE_EXPRESSIONS procedure, the database queries the Expression Statistics Store (ESS), and considers only expressions on tables that are at least partially populated in the IM column store. The database adds the 20 hottest expressions to their respective tables as hidden virtual columns, prefixed with the string SYS_IME, and applies the default INMEMORY column compression clause. If any SYS_IME columns added during a previous invocation are no longer in the latest top 20 list, then the database marks them as NO INMEMORY.

If you do not invoke IME_POPULATE_EXPRESSIONS, then the database gradually repopulates SYS_IME columns when their parent IMCUs are repopulated. If a table is not repopulated, then the database does not repopulate new SYS_IME columns captured by the IME_CAPTURE_EXPRESSIONS procedure. IME_POPULATE_EXPRESSIONS solves this problem by forcing repopulation.

Internally, the IME_POPULATE_EXPRESSIONS procedure invokes DBMS_INMEMORY.REPOPULATE for all tables that have SYS_IME columns with the INMEMORY attribute. To populate SYS_IME columns in a specified subset of tables, use DBMS_INMEMORY.REPOPULATE instead of DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN.IME_POPULATE_EXPRESSIONS.

Prerequisites

To enable the database to capture IM expressions, the following conditions must be true:

  • The INMEMORY_EXPRESSIONS_USAGE initialization parameter must be set to a value other than DISABLE.

  • The INMEMORY_SIZE initialization parameter is set to a non-zero value.

  • The value for the initialization parameter COMPATIBLE must be set to 12.2.0 or higher.

To capture and populate IM expressions:

  1. Log in to the database as a user with the appropriate privileges.

  2. Execute DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN.IME_CAPTURE_EXPRESSIONS with any of the following parameters:

    • CUMULATIVE — The database considers all expression statistics since the creation of the database.

    • CURRENT — The database considers only expression statistics from the past 24 hours.

  3. Optionally, execute DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN.IME_POPULATE_EXPRESSIONS to force immediate population of the latest IM expressions.

Example 5-2 Capturing the Top 20 IM Expressions in the Past 24 Hours

This example captures IM expressions using only the statistics gathered during the last day, and then forces immediate population:

EXEC DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN.IME_CAPTURE_EXPRESSIONS('CURRENT');
EXEC DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN.IME_POPULATE_EXPRESSIONS();

The following query of DBA_IM_EXPRESSIONS shows that two IM expressions are currently populated (sample output provided):

COL OWNER FORMAT a6 
COL TABLE_NAME FORMAT a9 
COL COLUMN_NAME FORMAT a25
SET LONG 50
SET LINESIZE 150

SELECT OWNER, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME, SQL_EXPRESSION 
FROM   DBA_IM_EXPRESSIONS;

OWNER  TABLE_NAM COLUMN_NAME               SQL_EXPRESSION
------ --------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------------
HR     EMPLOYEES SYS_IME00010000001746FD   12*("SALARY"*NVL("COMMISSION_PCT",0)+"SALARY")
HR     EMPLOYEES SYS_IME00010000001746FE   ROUND("SALARY"*12/52,2)

See Also:

Dropping IM Expressions

The DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN.IME_DROP_ALL_EXPRESSIONS procedure drops all SYS_IME expression virtual columns in the database. The DBMS_INMEMORY.IME_DROP_EXPRESSIONS procedure drops a specified set of SYS_IME virtual columns from a table.

Typical reasons for dropping SYS_IME columns are space and performance. The maximum number of SYS_IME columns for a table, regardless of whether the attribute is INMEMORY or NO INMEMORY, is 50. After the 50-expression limit is reached for a table, the database will not add new SYS_IME columns. To make space for new expressions, you must manually drop SYS_IME columns with the DBMS_INMEMORY.IME_DROP_EXPRESSIONS or DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN.IME_DROP_ALL_EXPRESSIONS procedures.

The IME_DROP_ALL_EXPRESSIONS procedure drops all SYS_IME columns from all tables, regardless of whether they have the INMEMORY attribute. In effect, the procedure acts as a database-wide reset button.

Using IME_DROP_ALL_EXPRESSIONS triggers a drop of all IMEUs and IMCUs for segments that have SYS_IME columns. For example, if 50 populated tables have one SYS_IME column each, then IME_DROP_ALL_EXPRESSIONS removes all 50 tables from the IM column store. To populate these segments again, you must use the DBMS_INMEMORY.POPULATE procedure or perform a full table scan.

Prerequisites

To drop IM expressions, the following conditions must be true:

  • The INMEMORY_EXPRESSIONS_USAGE initialization parameter is set to a value other than DISABLE.

  • The INMEMORY_SIZE initialization parameter is set to a non-zero value.

  • The COMPATIBLE initialization parameter is set to 12.2.0 or higher.

To drop IM expressions:

  1. In SQL*Plus or SQL Developer, log in to the database as a user with the necessary privileges.

  2. Execute either DBMS_INMEMORY_ADMIN.IME_DROP_ALL_EXPRESSIONS or DBMS_INMEMORY.IME_DROP_EXPRESSIONS.

    If you execute IME_DROP_EXPRESSIONS, then specify the following parameters:

    • schema_name — The name of the schema that contains the In-Memory table

    • table_name — The name of the In-Memory table

    • column_name — The name of the SYS_IME column. By default this value is null, which specifies all SYS_IME columns in this table.

Example 5-3 Dropping All IM Expressions in a Table

This example drops all IM expressions in the hr.employees table:

EXEC DBMS_INMEMORY.IME_DROP_EXPRESSIONS('hr', 'employees');

See Also: